Презентация на тему "Inversion and conditionals"

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  Inversion and conditionals

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  Negative adverbs

   never, seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly Never [AUX]have [S]we witnessed such cruel behaviour by one child to another. (or We have never witnessed …) Seldom does one hear a politician say ‘sorry’. (or One seldom hears …)

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  Expressions beginning with not

  We also invert the subject and verb after not + a prepositional phrase or a clause in initial position: Not for a moment did I think I would be offered the job, so I was amazed when I got it. Not till I got home did I realise my wallet was missing.

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  Here and there

  Inversion can happen after here, and after there when it is as an adverb of place. After here and there, we can use a main verb without an auxiliary verb or modal verb: Here comes the bus! Here’s your coffee. I opened the door and there stood Michael, all covered in mud. She looked out and there was Pamela, walking along arm in arm with Goldie.

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  No sooner 

  Whenit is used in front position, we invert the order of the auxiliary verb and subject. This is common in more formal and literary styles: [event 1]No sooner had they started their walk than [event 2]it started to rain.

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  not only

  To add emphasis, we can use not only at the beginning of a clause. When we do this, we invert the subject and the verb: Not only was it raining all day at the wedding but also the band was late. Not only will they paint the outside of the house but also the inside. When there is no auxiliary verb or main verb be, we use do, does, did: Not only did she forget my birthday, but she also didn’t even apologise for forgetting it.

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  Should you (Should with inversion)

  In formal situations, we can use should + subject (s) + verb (v) instead of if: Should you wish to cancel your order, please contact our customer service department on 02317 6658932. (or If you should wish to cancel your order …) Should your child become anxious or nervous about any activity, it is a good idea to inform the team-leader. (or If your child should become …)

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  Had you (Had with inversion)

  In formal situations, we can use had + subject + verb instead of if in third conditional sentences: Had I known you were waiting outside, I would have invited you to come in. (If I had known you were waiting outside …) Had Margaret realised she would be travelling alone, she would never have agreed to go.

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  Or and otherwise

  We often use or and otherwise with conditional meanings: You’ve got to start studying, or you’ll fail all those exams. (If you don’t start studying, you will fail the exams.) [talking about sending a package by mail] We’d better send it express, otherwise it’ll take days. (If we do not send it express, it will take days.)

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  Supposing

  Supposing may be used with a conditional meaning. It can be used in first, second or third conditional sentences. The speaker invites the listener to imagine a situation: Supposing I don’t arrive till after midnight, will the guest-house still be open? (Imagine if I don’t arrive till after midnight …) Supposing you lost your passport, you’d have to go to the embassy, wouldn’t you? Supposing he hadn’t recognised us – he might never have spoken to us.