Содержание
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People and Languages
Lecture 2 ©М.Н. Рассоха
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Glossary
Briton/Brit Cornish Highlanders/Lowlanders Scots kilt sporran tartan stone of Scone [ sku:n] Scotland Yard The Edinburgh Tattoo ‘Scots and English’ Eisteddfod “Plantation of Ulster” expat
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4 main countries
Capitals: London, England; Edinburgh, Scotland; Cardiff, Wales; Belfast, Northern Ireland. Language: English. Regions in Scotland & Wales where local residents speak Gaelic, but everyone speaks English
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Population and its distribution
Population: The United Kingdom 60,975,00 The population is very unequally distributed over the four parts of the UK: England more or less constantly makes up 84% of the total population ( 51.1 million) Scotland roughly 8.5 % (5.7 million) Wales around 5% (3.0 million) Northern Ireland (since 1921) less than 3%. (1.8 million)
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Density of population
Great Britain is heavily populated compared with many other countries. Britain is a relatively densely populated country: it is more than twice as densely populated as France (106 people per sq.km), nine times as densely populated as the USA (27 people per sq.km) and 100 times as densely populated as Australia (2 people per sq.km).
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Population density
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British? Briton? Brit?
British (neutral) someone who comes from the UK Briton (mainly journalism) Brit (informal)
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Forum: British? Briton? Brit?
Anonymous said... I am Welsh, and tend to get a little upset when anyone says: Oh! You're English then. (Wednesday, November 15, 2006) Anonymous said... I was born in Scotland and live in London: so I'm proud to describe myself as British! (Thursday, January 04, 2007) Anonymous said... I was born in Scotland, i have always lived in Scotland and my both parents are the exact same. So that makes me Scottish. I am proud of my Scottish heritage but of course iam still British. But i will always be a Scotsman before i am British. Iam still proud to be British but when you usually say to a foreigner you are from britain they allways assume u are from England which I hate. I am not englishi will never be and i never want to be. (Wednesday, March 21, 2007) http://blogs.projectbritain.com/2006/03/british-or-english.html#comments
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British? Briton? Brit? (cont.)
Arnold said... The strange thing is that the only people in the UK who call themselves British are those that live in Northern Ireland. We don't call ourselves "Northern Irish" but would say "I'm British, I come from Northern Ireland" or something along those lines. Of course, that's apart from those in Northern Ireland who would call themselves Irish. They definitely don't say they're British. Anonymous said... I am English. NOT British. It is the Government's fault that the English are too afraid to refer to themselves as English. (Friday, November 09, 2007)
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Languages of the United Kingdom: an overview
National Languages of the UK: English, Welsh. Official language of the Channel Islands: French Language Families Celtic Germanic Romance
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The number of individual languages listed for the United Kingdom is 16. English - 58,100,000 in the United Kingdom (2005 Crystal). Dialects of English : Cockney,Scouse,Geordie, West Country, East Anglia, Birmingham (Brummy, Brummie), South Wales, Edinburgh, Belfast, Cornwall, Cumberland, Central Cumberland, Devonshire, East Devonshire, Dorset, Durham, Bolton Lancashire, North Lancashire, Radcliffe Lancashire, Northumberland, Norfolk, Newcastle Northumberland, Tyneside Northumberland, Lowland Scottish, Somerset, Sussex, Westmorland, North Wiltshire, Craven Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, Sheffield Yorkshire, West Yorkshire.
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Cornish /Alternate names: Curnoack, Kernewek, Kernowek.
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Cornish
Became extinct as L1 in 1777, but is being revived. Some 557 main language speakers (2011); 3,500 total speakers Ethnic population: 468,425 (1991 census). Southwest, Duchy of Cornwall. Dialects: Related to Breton, Welsh, Gaulish (extinct), Irish Gaelic , Manx Gaelic (extinct), Scottish Gaelic . Language use: Religious services still held in Cornish. Evening classes, correspondence courses, summer camps, children’s play groups. Cornish Language Board. Some children grow up bilingual in English and Cornish. Language development: Taught in some schools.
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A process to revive the language was started in the early 20th century, with a number of orthographical systems being in use until a Standard Written Form was agreed in 2008. In 2010 Unesco announced that its former classification of the language as "extinct" was "no longer accurate".
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Scotland and the Scots
A Scotchman/ a Scotchwoman/ a Scotch/a Scot the Scottish people
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The Lowlanders and The Highlanders(‘I don't feel British. I'm Scottish!’)
The Lowlanders Scotsas L1 - 100, 000 speakers in United Kingdom (1999, B. Kay). Region: Scotland except highlands; Scots is most similar to English and Frisian. Language use : 1,500,000 speak it as L2. Home, community. Poetry. Magazines. Dictionary. All ages. Also use English.
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Robert Burns
Robert Burns (1759- 1796), Scotland's national Bard. On the anniversary of his birth, Scots both at home and abroad celebrate Robert Burns with a supper, where they address the haggis, the ladies and whisky.
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O, My Luve is Like a Red Red Rose.Robert Burns
O, my luveis like a red, red rose, That's newly sprung in June. O, my luve is like a melodie, That's sweetly play'd in tune. As fair art thou, my bonie lass, So deep in luve am I, And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till a' the seas gang dry. Till a' the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt withe sun! And I will luve thee still, my dear, While the sands o life shall run.
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The Highlanders
The Scottish Gaelic (“Erse”, Gaelic, Scots Gaelic)- 58,700 in United Kingdom (2003 census). Regions: North and central counties of Ross, islands of Hebrides and Skye, Glasgow. Language use: Resurgence of interest in Scottish Gaelic in 1990s bolstered by establishment of Scotland’s own Parliament. Home, church, community. In bilingual areas Gaelic usually is L1 of instruction for most primary subjects. Language development : Taught in primary schools. Gaelic secondary schools. Magazines. Newspapers. Radio programs. Bible: 1801–1992. The Scottish Gaelic College located on the Isle of Skye. One of the most significant institutions dedicated to the preservation and advancement of Gaelic.
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The Scottish Gaelic
Sample text Thagachuiledhuine air a bhrethsaoragus co-ionnanann an urram 's ann an còirichean. Thaiad air am breth le reusan is le cogaisagus mar sin buchòirdhaibh a bhithbeònammeasgfheinann an spioradbràthaireil. Translation All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
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The Highlanders
Clans =Gaelic “clann”: McDonald, McKenzie, McLeod, Macgregor, etc Bagpipes
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Highland Games
Weight throw A caber being tossed
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Kilts Sporran Tartan
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tartan
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History and emigration
Wars and battles with the English William Wallace (1272- 1305) , Prince Charles Stuart, Mary Stuart, Rob Roy. Mass emigration to other English-speaking countries (the USA -12 mln; Nova Scotia, Canada – 2 mln; Australia – over 1 mln, etc)
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William Wallace Statue, Aberdeen.
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Scottish cultural icons
Stone of Scone [ sku:n] Scotland Yard The Edinburg Tattoo ‘Scots and English’
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Coronation Chair and Stone of Scone
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Wales and the Welsh
The Welsh / a Welshwoman / a Welshman Wales vs. Cymru/ Cymry
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Wales
The new Severn bridge, due for completion in 1996, looked like unfinished Lego. Once more on terra firma and across the River Wye, we were welcomed to our second foreign land. 'Croeso in Cymru'. From now on every signpost was in Welsh and English and we really were foreigners. (Hunt, S. The Sea on the Left.p.98)
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every signpost is in Welsh and English
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The Welsh language
The Acts of Union in 1536 and 1542 demanded that Wales be ruled in English, but the Welsh Language Act of 1967 has now given equal validity to the Welsh Language in Wales.
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Welsh - 508,000 in United Kingdom (1991 census). 575,102 in 1971; 32,700 monolinguals, 542,402 bilinguals (1971 census). Regions: North, west, south Wales. Also in Argentina, Canada, United States (Population total all countries: 537,870). Alternate names: Cymraeg. [kəmˈrɑːɨɡ, ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]) Dialects: Northern Welsh, Southern Welsh, Patagonian Welsh. Language use: Official language. 19% of the Welsh population speak it; 33% understand it (1998). 88% of those questioned say they should be proud of Welsh, and it should be treated equally with English. Parents choosing a Welsh-medium education for their children increasing. Language development 525 Welsh primary and secondary schools provide Welsh-medium education to over 82,000 children (1999). Compulsory in most Welsh schools. Magazines. Radio programs. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. Bible: 1588–1988.
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The Welsh and English
The Prince of Wales (1301, Edward I, Caernaefon Castle) 1536 Wales became part of England Never been empire-builders Country people (Evans, Jones, Williams, Thomas, Pritchard) Henry VII (Tudor dynasty), Robert Owen, David Lloyd George
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Traditional Welsh Culture
An Eisteddfod (Welsh: [ə(i)ˈstɛðvɔd]is a Welsh festival of literature, music and performance. The tradition of such a meeting of Welsh artists dates back to at least the 12th century, The Royal National Eisteddfod meets annually. Choir singing Bards/the Crowning of the Bard Red cloaks
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Northern Ireland
16c. –introduction of the Anglican Church 1609 “Plantation of Ulster” 1690 Protestant forces of William of Orange finally defeated the Catholics of Ireland
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Irish history: dates to remember
1801 Union with Ireland the United Kingdom 1854 The Great Famine (emigration to America) 1921 The united Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Partition of Ireland) 1960s Catholics against Protestants (IRA -Irish Republican Army, UDA-Ulster Defence Association) 1985 – a historic Anglo-Irish Agreement (both sides agreed to work together for a solution to the Northern Ireland question)
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The British: What ‘s in a name?
Paddy and Micky Taffy Jimmy and Jock John Bull O’Brien, O’ Neil, Kilmartin, Gilmurray, MacHugh, Jonhson, Black, Smith, Thatcher, Williams.
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The UK: The country of immigrants
Source countries: South Asia (India, Pakistan, China, etc) Africa (Ghana, Nigeria, Guyana, etc) West Indies Europe (especially East Europe)
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Immigration made up more than half of Britain's population growth from 1991 to 2001, says a BBC-published report. The study found that 7.53% of Britain's 2001 population had been born overseas - up from 5.75% in 1991.
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The country of immigrants
More than 1m illegal immigrants are living in Britain (who overstay their visas/’overstayers’ ) Protection measures British passports holders Expatriate (in abbreviated form, expat) someone who lives in a foreign country, e.g. British expats. 23% of British people think immigration is the country's biggest problem. 59% of Britons believe there are "too many" immigrants.
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Immigration
Rising immigration is the main reason for Britain's increasing population. Figures released by the Office of National Statistics (ONS) in the UK show an increase of 185 000 in Britain's population due to immigration, for the year 2005. This is an increase of 500 people a day. 565 000 migrants arrived in the UK in 2005, intending to stay for at least a year. At the same time about 380 000 people left the UK to live abroad, over half of them British citizens. The inflow from migrants to the UK was fuelled by the inclusion of new member states to the EU. The largest single inflow from migrants came from Poland with 57 000 arriving in 2005.
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Immigrant languages
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (5,000), Bengali (400,000), Eastern Panjabi (471,000), Estonian (14,000), Greek (200,000), Gujarati (140,000), Hakka Chinese (10,000), Hebrew (8,000), Hindi (240), Italian (200,000), Japanese (12,000), Judeo-Iraqi Arabic, Kashmiri (115,000), Kirmanjki, Latvian (12,000), Leeward Caribbean Creole English, Lithuanian, Malayalam (21,000), Maltese (40,900), Mandarin Chinese (12,000), Mirpur Panjabi (25,000), Morisyen (1,000), Moroccan Spoken Arabic (5,800), Northern Kurdish (23,800), Northern Pashto, Parsi (75,000), Portuguese (17,000), Seraiki, Shelta (30,000), Sindhi (25,000), Somali (1,600), Southern Pashto (87,000), Southwestern Caribbean Creole English (170,000), Sylheti (300,000), Tagalog (74,000), Ta’izzi-Adeni Spoken Arabic (29,000), Tamil, Turkish (60,000), Urdu (400,000), Vietnamese (22,000), Western Farsi (12,000), Western Panjabi (103,000), Yoruba (12,000), Yue Chinese (300,000).
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Job anguish for immigrants as English language courses face cuts
Despite David Cameron's call for immigrants to learn English, public funding for language schools across the country is to be cut back
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http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2011/feb/13/english-language-teaching-immigrants-cutbacks
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People and languages
1. What are the official languages spoken in the UK? 2. How many and what Celtic languages are spoken in the UK?
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