Содержание
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THE PURITAN, RESTORATION AND AUGUSTAN AGES
1625-1776
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I. MAIN EVENTS: THE PURITAN, RESTORATION AND AUGUSTAN AGES
1625-1649 Reign of Charles I 1629 Charles I dissolves Parliament and rules for 11 years without one 1640 Charles reopens Parliament 1642-1649 Civil War June 30th 1649 Charles I executed 1649-1660 The Commonwealth 1652-1654 War with Holland 1660-1685 Reign of Charles II 1666 The Great Fire of London 1685-1688 Reign of James II 1689-1702 Reign of William III
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II. MAIN EVENTS: THE PURITAN, RESTORATION AND AUGUSTAN AGES
1689 The First Bill of Rights 1690 The Glorious Revolution 1702-1714 Reign of Queen Anne(last of the Stuart dynasty ) 1707 Unification of Scotland and England 1714-1727 Reign of George I (first king of the House of Hanover) 1727-1760 Reign of George II 1721-1742 Sir Robert Walpole becomes first de facto Prime Minister 1745 Scottish rebels defeated at the battle of Culloden 1756-1763 The Seven Years’ War between England and France 1760-1820 Reign of George III 1770 Captain Cook discovers Australia 1776 American Declaration of Independence
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The religious make-up of the country in the 17th century
-The Church of England (Anglican Protestants), the official state Church established by Henry VIII during the Reformation. To many English people it was a living symbol of their country’s independence from what they saw as a corrupt Pope in Rome. -The Roman Catholic Church (Catholics) – those who did not accept the Reformation and remained Catholic in the hope that the Reformation would be overturned and that their religion would become the religion of state as it had been in the past. -Puritans, Presbyterians and Dissenters, also known as non-conformists, started to form during the reign of Elisabeth I. They were protestants who believed that the Reformation had not been radical enough and that the Church of England was still too close to the Roman Catholic Church. They had very strict moral principles and believed that the way to salvation lay in a life of hard work and avoidance of all forms of frivolous entertainment.
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JAMES I
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CHARLES I (1625-1649)
Dissolved Parliament in 1629
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Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England , a charismatic political leader and a brilliant military strategist , the greatest asset of the Commonwealth
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Charles II, back to the monarchy, (1660-1685), a period of relative tranquility
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James II (1685-1688)
the period is characterized by the conflict between Catholics and Protestants which led to the victory of Protestants
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William III (1689-1702),
the first monarch to officially recognize the constitutional rights of Parliament. The Bill of Rights, an “Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject” (1689) clearly marked the boundaries of the monarch’s powers
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Puritan and Restoration Literature
the CAVALIER poets defended the monarchy against the Puritans during the reign of Charles I. Robert Herrick, Thomas Carew, Robert Lovelace and Sir John Suckling. They wrote poetry for occasions such as births, marriages or great parties. They are remembered primarily as the first poets to celebrate the events of everyday life, and as such are the forerunners of an important tradition in English literature. the METAPHYSICAL poets George Herbert, Richard Crashaw and Henry Vaughan. The features of Metaphysical poetry are: -the use of conceits; - the argumentative quality of the love poems; -the dramatic quality of the language; -the wide range of subjects from which the poet draws his imagery.; - the use of wit: the ability to relate dissimilar ideas, and implied intellectual genius.
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John Donne 1572- 1631
the father of metaphysical poetry
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No Man is an Island by John Donne read by Seth Hunter Perkins
No Man Is An Island No man is an island,Entire of itself,Every man is a piece of the continent,A part of the main.If a clod be washed away by the sea,Europe is the less.As well as if a promontory were.As well as if a manor of thy friend'sOr of thine own were:Any man's death diminishes me,Because I am involved in mankind,And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; It tolls for thee. Никто из нас не островЗабытый на векаМы часть большого целогоМы - часть материкаИ если смоет в мореКлочок земли сыройЕвропы станет меньшеНа мыс береговойВот было - и исчезло…Короче говоряСчитай что стало меньшеНемножко и тебяЯ каждый раз сжимаюсьСо смертию другихМы вместе - человечествоКуда же мне без нихИ я бы не советовалВопрос задать судьбе:По ком звонит сей колокол?- Он звOнит по тебе
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ANDREW MARWELL (1621-1678)
Marvell combined features of both Metaphysical and Cavalier schools. Marvell was a prolific prose writer and essayist, but it is for his poems, which were first printed 3 years after his death, that he is best remembered.
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JOHN MILTON, the greatest 17th century poet
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Famous Quotes by John Milton
A crown, golden in show is but a wreath of thorns. Childhood shows the man, as morning shows the day. Death is the golden key that opens the palace of eternity. Fame is no plant that grows on mortal soil. Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heav'n. Awake, arise, or be forever fall'n. The mind is its own place, and in itself can make a Heav'n of Hell, a Hell of Heav'n.
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Happy The Man by John Dryden
Happy the man, and happy he alone,He who can call today his own:He who, secure within, can say,Tomorrow do thy worst, for I have lived today.Be fair or foul or rain or shineThe joys I have possessed, in spite of fate, are mine.Not Heaven itself upon the past has power,But what has been, has been, and I have had my hour. Счастливым человека мы зовем, Что нынешним живет лишь днем,И что спокойно говорит:Пусть завтра хоть потоп, мной этот день отжит. Будь солнце, тучи или град – Все радости мои лишь мне принадлежат.И небеса ведь над былым не властны,Что было, то прошло, я прожил день прекрасно.
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the Comedy of Manners – a new type of play of the Restoration
The main features: -it reflected the life of the Court, which was portrayed as being immoral, corrupt and licentious but also elegant, witty and intelligent; -its main targets of criticism were middle-class values and ideals, conventions, hypocrisy and above all the institution of marriage. True love was rarely a theme as sex was favoured over feelings; -the dialogues were prose rather than verse
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COMEDY OF MANNERS: The MAIN FEATURES
- in Elizabethan drama comic characters were usually low and humble in origin. In the Comedy of Manners they were aristocratic ladies and gentlemen who were easily recognized by the audience as fashionable members of society; -two new male character types were created: the gallant and the fop. The gallant was usually the hero of the play. He was a witty, elegant, sophisticated yet cynical lover. The fop was a figure of fun, ridiculed for his stupidity and pompous pretentiousness; -the leading female characters generally had no feelings or morals. Their only interests were fashion and breaking their marital vows; -the characters usually had names that captured some aspects of their personality: Scandal, Lady Fidget, Petulant, Mrs Squeamish, Sir Fopling Flutter and Tattle. Although this form of character naming dates back tp the MORALITY PLAYS, it is important to note that the Comedy of Manners had no moral didactic purpose. These plays were written purely to entertain theatre audiences.
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the French playwright Moliere (1622-1673)
His elegant style became a model to be imitated for the British writers of the period
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The Italian Commedia dell’Arte
provided inspiration for the more farcical elements of the plays.
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WILLIAM CONGREVE 1670-1729
The most outstanding writer of the Comedy of Manners
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ROBERT BURTON 1577-1640
is known for The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621) a huge treatise of over half a million words. It is an analyses of the causes, symptoms and cures for melancholy, which was considered an illness at the time.
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Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682)
wrote Religio Medici (1642), a spiritual autobiography in which he shows that religion and science can coexist.
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Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), the great philosopher
in his work Leviathan (1651), expressed his support for absolute monarchy as the only form of government that can protect society from the destructive greed of the individual
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John Locke (1632-1704)
his Two Treatises of Government (1690), greatly influenced the leaders of American Revolution, he suggested that a parliament elected by the people is the best form of government. Locke’s essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) made an important contribution to the development of English empiricism.
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Thomas Hobbes, Rene Decartes and John Locke spread the idea that reason rather than religion was the key to the understanding of man and the world that surrounds them
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Samuel Pepys (1633-1703)
wrote the diary in 11 volumes between 1660 and 1669. He wrote for himself, in a secret code of shorthand, contractions and foreign words, and the texts were only deciphered in 1825.
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John Evelyn (1620-1706)
started writing his diary when he was only 21 and continued for most of his life. His diary is a valuable historical document.
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“the Augustan Age”Poets( the early mid-eighteenth century)
The poets of the Augustan Age admired the harmony, concision, elegance and technical perfection of classical literature. The early 18th century poets believed that the language of poetry should be far removed from everyday speech. They wrote for a cultured upper class reading public in high poetic diction and Latinate sentence structures. The neo-classical poets as they came to be called, did not write poetry to express their feelings. They believed that the poet ha a social role: to explore the universal human experience and expose society evils. Not surprisingly, much of the greatest work came in the form of satire.
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A dramatic rise in prose output in the form of journalism, political satire and pamphleteeringdue to:
The advancement of printing technology; The expansion of the school system and the subsequent growth in the number of people who could read and write; The opening of circulating libraries, which gave people access to newspapers, journals and books; The growth in the number of middle-class readers; The increase in the number of women readers. The new middleclass readership was largely Puritan and showed a distinct preference for factual writing over fiction (which they considered to some extent as lying). In response to this taste their was a remarkable proliferation of journalistic writing.
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RICHARD STEELE
Newspaper The Tatler 1709
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JOSEPH ADDISON 1672-1719
The SPECTATOR (1711-1714)
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1660-1731
The most famous works: Robinson Crusoe ,CAPTAIN SINGLETON, MOLL FLANDERS, COLONEL JACK, ROXANA, MEMOIRS OF A CAVALIER and a pseudo-factual account of London during the great plague entitled A JOURNAL OF THE PLAGUE YEAR.
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HENRY FIELDING 1707-1754
the first English novelist to create a well structured complex plot involving many characters drawn from different social classes.
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Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)
Famous for his great satirical novel, GULLIVER’S TRAVELS published in 1726
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Laurence Sterne (1713-1768)
an autobiography - LIFE AND OPINIONS OF TRISTAN SHANDY, GENTLEMAN (1761)
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A New Literary Genre
The novel was a great success and gave rise to a new literary genre : the Gothic novel (the word gothic at the time was synonymous with the wild and barbarous). This genre was further developed by Ann Radcliffe and Marry Shelly in the Romantic period.
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