Презентация на тему "Arguments and argumentation"

Содержание

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  Arguments and argumentation

  composed by Christopher Aden

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  Argument

  Fundamental building block of persuasion Collection of statements organized in a way to highlight/demonstrate connection between what is believed to be true and what should be accepted as true.

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  Elements of Argument

  Claim/Thesis Support/Proof Inference (result/outcome/consequence)

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  Examples (claim):

  “The state should allow euthanasia for terminally ill people” Idea which is not yet accepted as true/proven Not an argument yet

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  Support

  Idea/set of ideas audience accepts as true Example: “upon death terminally ill patient’s physical suffering ceases”

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  Inference

  Connection between claim and support May be obvious or inferred directly May have to emphasized Example: euthanasia is desirable because person will be relieved

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  Forms of Argument

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  One claim may have a lot of various kinds of support:

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  Support components:

  Examples, facts, statistics, points of authority, various sources such as books, magazines, journals, records, etc. LOGIC!!!

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  Modes of Argumentation

  Descriptive Relational Evaluative

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  Definitions/descriptive argumentation

  Concerns nature and definition of things e.g. “euthanasia – willful ceasing of death” e.g. “euthanasia - murder” e.g. “global warming is increase of earth’s surface”

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  Creating descriptive argumentation

  Differentiation (from general class to the rest of class) Example (giving examples to illustrate how smth. Functions or what smth/smn is, etc.) Authority (how an authoritative person or entity defines smth/smn.) Analogies (comparing what needs to be defined to smth very similar)

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  Relational Argumentation

  Relationship between things/causal relationships Example: “Capital punishment deters crime expansion” “violence in mass media causes real violence”

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  Creating Relational Arguments

  Reduction – from general to specific or otherwise E.g.: ^Harsher penalties will decline car accidents^ one would be less likely to drive drunk if they knew that punishment would be a significant jail time, therefore harsher penalties are desirable. Analogies – comparison of the known to the unknown E.g.: ^improve health care in the USA^ “look at health care in Canada and United Kingdom”

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  Authority – reference to people who make credible assertions E.g.: ^Global crisis is a worldwide disaster^ According to Joseph. E. Stiglitz who is Nobel Prize winner in Economy Science, global crisis is indeed a disaster with severe consequences for the whole world….

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  Evaluative Argumentation

  What is good/bad, desirable/undesirable, favorable/unfavourable Example: “TH fears the rise of China” Most resolutions are like this (Value resolutions)

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  Creating Evaluative Arguments

  Evaluating components and comparing them E.g.: “TH fears the rise of China” To evaluate: “rise of China” and define “fear” To determine: what is bad (in this case): E.g.: 1) increasing economic influence of China 2) political clout around the world 3) great modernizing military

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  Comparing smth to a standard/value/criteria, etc. E.g.: “Capital punishment is unjustified” Human rights state that no single life be taken away… In this case human rights is the criterion with which we can compare “capital punishment”.