Презентация на тему "Chapter 2operating system overview"

Презентация: Chapter 2operating system overview
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  • Презентация: Chapter 2operating system overview
    Слайд 1

    Chapter 2Operating System Overview

    Operating Systems:Internals and Design Principles, 6/EWilliam Stallings

  • Слайд 2

    Roadmap

    Operating System Objectives/Functions The Evolution of Operating Systems Major Achievements Developments Leading to Modern Operating Systems Microsoft Windows Overview UNIX Systems Linux

  • Слайд 3

    Operating System

    A program that controls the execution of application programs An interface between applications and hardware Main objectives of an OS: Convenience Efficiency Ability to evolve

  • Слайд 4

    Layers and Views

  • Слайд 5

    Services Provided by the Operating System

    Program development Editors and debuggers. Program execution OS handles scheduling of numerous tasks required to execute a program Access I/O devices Each device will have unique interface OS presents standard interface to users

  • Слайд 6

    Services cont…

    Controlled access to files Accessing different media but presenting a common interface to users Provides protection in multi-access systems System access Controls access to the system and its resources

  • Слайд 7

    Error detection and response Internal and external hardware errors Software errors Operating system cannot grant request of application Accounting Collect usage statistics Monitor performance

  • Слайд 8

    The Role of an OS

    A computer is a set of resources for the movement, storage, and processing of data. The OS is responsible for managing these resources.

  • Слайд 9

    Operating System as Software

    The OS functions in the same way as an ordinary computer software It is a program that is executed by the CPU Operating system relinquishes control of the processor

  • Слайд 10

    Evolution of Operating Systems

    Operating systems will evolve over time Hardware upgrades plus new types of hardware New services Fixes

  • Слайд 11

    Roadmap

    Operating System Objectives/Functions The Evolution of Operating Systems Major Achievements Developments Leading to Modern Operating Systems Microsoft Windows Overview UNIX Systems Linux

  • Слайд 12

    Evolution of Operating Systems

    It may be easier to understand the key requirements of an OS by considering the evolution of Operating Systems Stages include Serial Processing Simple Batch Systems Multiprogrammed batch systems Time Sharing Systems

  • Слайд 13

    Serial Processing

    No operating system Machines run from a console with display lights, toggle switches, input device, and printer Problems include: Scheduling Setup time

  • Слайд 14

    Simple batch system

    Early computers were extremely expensive Important to maximize processor utilization Monitor Software that controls the sequence of events Batch jobs together Program returns control to monitor when finished

  • Слайд 15

    Monitor’s perspective

    Monitor controls the sequence of events Resident Monitor is software always in memory Monitor reads in job and gives control Job returns control to monitor

  • Слайд 16

    Job Control Language

    Special type of programming language to control jobs Provides instruction to the monitor What compiler to use What data to use

  • Слайд 17

    Desirable Hardware Features

    Memory protection for monitor Jobs cannot overwrite or alter Timer Prevent a job from monopolizing system Privileged instructions Only executed by the monitor Interrupts

  • Слайд 18

    Modes of Operation

    User Mode User program executes in user mode Certain areas of memory protected from user access Certain instructions may not be executed Kernel Mode Monitor executes in kernel mode Privileged instructions may be executed, all memory accessible.

  • Слайд 19

    Multiprogrammed Batch Systems

    CPU is often idle Even with automatic job sequencing. I/O devices are slow compared to processor

  • Слайд 20

    Uniprogramming

    Processor must wait for I/O instruction to complete before preceding

  • Слайд 21

    Multiprogramming

    When one job needs to wait for I/O, the processor can switch to the other job

  • Слайд 22
  • Слайд 23

    Time Sharing Systems

    Using multiprogramming to handle multiple interactive jobs Processor’s time is shared among multiple users Multiple users simultaneously access the system through terminals

  • Слайд 24

    Early Example: CTSS

    Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) Developed at MIT as project MAC Time Slicing: When control was passed to a user User program and data loaded Clock generates interrupts about every 0.2 sec At each interrupt OS gained control and could assign processor to another user

  • Слайд 25

    CTSS Operation

  • Слайд 26

    Problems and Issues

    Multiple jobs in memory must be protected from each other’s data File system must be protected so that only authorised users can access Contention for resources must be handled Printers, storage etc

  • Слайд 27

    Roadmap

    Operating System Objectives/Functions The Evolution of Operating Systems Major Achievements Developments Leading to Modern Operating Systems

  • Слайд 28

    Major Advances

    Operating Systems are among the most complex pieces of software ever developed Major advances include: Processes Memory management Information protection and security Scheduling and resource management System

  • Слайд 29

    Process

    Fundamental to the structure of OS’s A process is: A program in execution An instance of a running program The entity that can be assigned to and executed on a processor A single sequential thread of execution, a current state, and an associated set of system resources.

  • Слайд 30

    Causes of Errors when Designing System Software

    Error in designing an OS are often subtle and difficult to diagnose Errors typically include: Improper synchronization Failed mutual exclusion Non-determinate program operation Deadlocks

  • Слайд 31

    Components of a Process

    A process consists of An executable program Associated data needed by the program Execution context of the program (or “process state”) The execution context contains all information the operating system needs to manage the process

  • Слайд 32

    Memory Management

    The OS has 5 principal storage management responsibilities Process isolation Automatic allocation and management Support of modular programming Protection and access control Long-term storage

  • Слайд 33

    Virtual Memory

    File system implements long-term store Virtual memory allows programs to address memory from a logical point of view Without regard to the limits of physical memory

  • Слайд 34

    Paging

    Allows process to be comprised of a number of fixed-size blocks, called pages Virtual address is a page number and an offset within the page Each page may be located anywhere in main memory

  • Слайд 35

    Virtual Memory

  • Слайд 36

    Virtual Memory Addressing

  • Слайд 37

    Information Protection and Security

    The problem involves controlling access to computer systems and the information stored in them. Main issues are: Availability Confidentiality Data integrity Authenticity

  • Слайд 38

    Scheduling andResource Management

    Key responsibility of an OS is managing resources Resource allocation policies must consider: Fairness Differential responsiveness Efficiency

  • Слайд 39

    Key Elements of an Operating System

  • Слайд 40

    System Structure

    View the system as a series of levels Each level performs a related subset of functions Each level relies on the next lower level to perform more primitive functions This decomposes a problem into a number of more manageable subproblems

  • Слайд 41

    OS Design Hierarchy

  • Слайд 42

    Roadmap

    Operating System Objectives/Functions The Evolution of Operating Systems Major Achievements Developments Leading to Modern Operating Systems Microsoft Windows Overview UNIX Systems Linux

  • Слайд 43

    Different Architectural Approaches

    Various approaches have been tried, categories include: Microkernel architecture Multithreading Symmetric multiprocessing Distributed operating systems Object-oriented design

  • Слайд 44

    Microkernel Architecture

    Most early OS are a monolithic kernel Most OS functionality resides in the kernel. A microkernel assigns only a few essential functions to the kernel Address spaces Interprocess communication (IPC) Basic scheduling

  • Слайд 45

    Multithreading

    Process is divided into threads that can run concurrently Thread Dispatchable unit of work executes sequentially and is interruptible Process is a collection of one or more threads

  • Слайд 46

    Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)

    An SMP system has multiple processors These processors share same main memory and I/O facilities All processors can perform the same functions The OS of an SMP schedules processes or threads across all of the processors.

  • Слайд 47

    SMP Advantages

    Performance Allowing parallel processing Availability Failure of a single process does not halt the system Incremental Growth Additional processors can be added. Scaling

  • Слайд 48

    Multiprogramming and Multiprocessing

  • Слайд 49

    Distributed Operating Systems

    Provides the illusion of a single main memory space and single secondary memory space Early stage of development

  • Слайд 50

    Object-oriented design

    Used for adding modular extensions to a small kernel Enables programmers to customize an operating system without disrupting system integrity

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