Презентация на тему "Minor types of word-formation"

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  Minor types of word-formation

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  Word-formation is the system of derivative types of words & the process of creating new words from the material available in the language after certain structural & semantic formulas & patterns.

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  Minor types of word-formation

  shortening blending acronymy sound interchange sound imitation distinctive stress back-formation

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  Shortening

  It is the formation of a word by cutting off a part of the word. Types of shortening Initial or aphesis Ex. phone-telephone Medial or syncope Ex. fancy-fantasy Final or apocope Ex. advert - advertisement Both initial and final Ex. flu - influenza

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  Blending

  It is the formation of a new word by combining parts of two words. Types of blending Additive type that may be transformed into a phrase consisting of complete stems combined by the conjunction “and” Ex. smog – sm(oke) and (f)og 2) Restrictive type that can be transformed into a phrase, the first element of which serves as a modifier for the second Ex. telecast – television broadcast

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  Acronymy (graphical abbreviation)

  It is the formation of a word from the initial letters of a word combination. Types of acronymy Acronyms which are read as ordinary English words Ex. UNESCO – the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Acronyms with the alphabetic reading Ex. BBC – the British Broadcasting Corporation

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  Sound-interchange

  It is the formation of a word due to an alteration in the phonemic composition of its roots. Types of sound-interchange Vowel-interchange (ablaut) Ex. food- to feed Consonant-interchange Ex. advice- to advise

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  Sound-imitation (onomatopoeia)

  It is the naming of an action or a thing by a more or less exact reproduction of the sound associated with it. Types of sound-imitation Words denoting sounds produced by human beings in the process of communication or expressing their feeling. Ex. chatter, babble Words denoting sounds produced by animals, birds, insects. Ex. moo, croak, buzz Words imitating the sound of water, the noise of metallic things, a forceful motion. Ex. splash, whip, swing

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  Back-formation

  It is the formation of a new word by subtracting a real or opposed suffix from the existing words. Ex. to butle - butler

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  Distinctive stress

  It is the formation of a word by means of the shift of the stress in the source word. Ex. ‘increase – to in’crease ‘present – to pre’sent