Содержание
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Positive and Negative Impact of Tourism on the Environment
Lecture 3
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Tourism and Environment relationship
Until 1970stourism – white industry with no need to point at its impact on the social, cultural and ecological environment 1970s- first voices of criticism were raised, the study of the environmental impacts of tourism started [Tangi 1977; Baud-Bovy and Lawson 1977]. 1980s- some research results about negative impact of tourism on the environment, mainly in heavily developed tourist regions, were published [UNEP 1982; Gorsmen 1987; Fletcher 1989], some preventive measures were recommended [Lindsay 1986; Pearce and Kirk 1986; UNEP 1987], alternative to mass tourism like soft tourism, ecotourism or rural tourism were raised [Nordbo 1985; Thibal 1988; Lamp and Fricke 1989 ]. 1990s - a consensus supported be numerous studies that tourism may have negative impact on the environment where it occurs in a massive form or where it uses particular sensitive ecosystems [Biodiversity and Tourism 1997; Briassoulis and Straaten 2000]. Publications appeared which covered topics such as sustainable tourism, including criteria and indicators, policies and management, the role of ecotourism, rural tourism, sustainable tourism in specific geographical settings [McIntosh1992; Duff 1993; Smith and Eadington 1994; Clifford 1995; Bramwell at al 1996; Stabler 1997;Fennell 1999].
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Tourism has both: positive and negative impact on the environment
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Positiveimpact on the natural environment
Contribution to nature protected areas Contribution to ecological education Alternative to mining industry or others which are more humfull for the environment
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Negative impact of tourism on the natural environment
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positive impact of tourism onthe economics !!!
Stimulate other sectors of regional or local economy Employment 250 млн. человек Money inflow На его долю приходится примерно 7% общего объема инвестиций, 5% всех налоговых поступлений и треть мировой торговли услугами.
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По данным (WTTC) – суммарные вложения в сферу туризма оцениваются почти в 700 млрд. долл., что составляет 11,3% инвестиций в экономику всех стран мира. Всего к 2013 г. мировая туристическая индустрия будет производить услуг на сумму около 9 трлн. долл. Средние темпы роста международного туризма до 2020 г. составят 4,1%. По объемам мирового экспорта, согласно данным Всемирной торговой организации (ВТО) и Международного валютного фонда (МВФ), туризм с 1998 г. вышел на первое место (532 млрд. долл., или 8%).
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negative impact of tourism on socio-economic development !!!
Dependence on tourism development High prices in tourism regions Low salary
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Please, give the examples of positive and negative impact of tourism on economics !!!
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Positive and negative Impact of tourism on socio-cultural environment
The impact of tourism on the socio-cultural environment includes analysis of how the tourism industry affects the local population, its way of lifeand culture.
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Please, give the examples of positive and negative impact of tourism on socio-cultural environment !!!
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Relations between the local population and tourists depend on the value of the tourist flow
Doxey (1975) developed a model explaining the interrelation between the growing tourist flow and stress in community, and specified 4 main stages of the attitude of the local population toward the development of tourism industry: euphoria, apathy, irritation, antagonism.
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Tourism and recreation pressure on the environment(world, regional, national, regional (inside one country) levels)
number of tourists and visitors tourism and recreation intensity – number of tourists per sq.km density of accommodation facilities - accommodation facility capacity (maximum number of occupants at any one time) per sq. km of land area rate of increase in the number of tourists and visitors - rate of increase in the number of tourists over the 10 years from from 1998 to 2008 (%). local population and tourist population ratio
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Spatial study of tourism pressure on the environment : global scale
Source : Biodiversity and Tourism 1997 CIS countries CIS countries
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Spatial study of tourism pressure on the environment : regional scale
Source : Biodiversity and Tourism 1997 Tourism and environment conflict as well as their coexistence are becoming very important issues for scholars in many countries.
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Tourism and recreation pressure on the environment: a case study on the Lake Biwa region, Japan
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Tourism and recreation pressure on the environment
tourism and recreation intensity - the number of tourists and visitors per sq. km of land area density of accommodation facilities - accommodation facility capacity (maximum number of occupants at any one time) per sq. km of land area rate of increase in the number of tourists and visitors - the rate of increase in the number of tourist and visitors over the 10 years from 1994 to 2004 (%)
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Omimayko – popular destination for mass beach and water sport tourism and recreation (August, 13,2006). Source : based on Statistics of Tourists and Visitors in Shiga Prefecture 2005, Shiga Prefecture Sightseeing Guide Book 2005 Tourism and recreation intensity
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Source : based on Statistics of Tourists and Visitors in Shiga Prefecture 2005, Shiga Prefecture Sightseeing Guide Book 2005
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Tourism and recreation pressure on the environment was evaluated as maximum, very high and high and they occupy in total about 16% of Shiga Prefecture. These cities and towns possess comparatively rich natural and cultural resources for tourism and recreation, their infrastructure for tourism is comparatively well developed, and their tourism products are well promoted. These areas will need to be monitored, since tourism and recreation are placing additional pressure on them. More research at the micro level is needed in future. Ecological problems are unlikely to be a problem posed by tourism in about 57. 5% of the total area of the prefecture, owing to the weak involvement in the tourism and leisure industry. The research results may be useful for the monitoring of tourism development in the Lake Biwa region. Tourism and recreation pressure on the environment
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Conclusion
Tourism has both: positive and negative impact on the environment The maim task is to mitigate the negative impact
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Think point
Tourism and air pollution Tourism and water pollution
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Ecological and social aspects of tourism development in Russia Lecture 4
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Ecological and social aspects of tourism development in Russia
There are no so many ecological and social problems because numerous territories are either not involved in the tourism industry, or the level of such territories involvement in tourism is lower compared with the world’s major tourism centers. Despite the low level of regions’ involvement in organizing tourism, there are areas of intensive tourism development. At present, these areas are already faced with a problem of adverse impact of tourism and recreation activity on the environment. The problem is growing increasingly obvious because of the high rate of tourism development in majority of eastern regions (not all) and establishment of tourism and recreation free economic zones (including two near the Lake Baikal) by Russian Government in 2006 Already at this stage the above mentioned problem calls for close attention of scientists, tourist business organizers and local communities.
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Positiveimpact on the natural and socio-cultural environment
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Positiveimpact on the natural environment
Contribution to nature protected areas (but usually – not so many visitors since it is very hard to reach such areas) Alternative to mining industry or others which are more humfull for the environment Alkhanay national park, Zabaikalskiy krai
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Tourism and recreation in the state nature zapovednik ”Bastak” (Jewish Autonomous Republic): contribution to ecological education
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positive and negative impact of tourism on economics
Stimulate other sectors of regional or local economy Employment Money inflow
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Positive impact of tourism on socio-cultural environment
Tourism really starts to bring economic and other benefits to the local people. Local people provide tourists with: accommodations, ecologically clear food, handicrafts, transport, guide service.
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positive and negative impact of tourism on economics
Stimulate other sectors of regional or local economy Employment Money inflow
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Local people provide tourists with: accommodations, ecologically clear food, handicrafts, transport, guide service. Tourism really starts to bring economic and other benefits to the local people.
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Positive impact of tourism on socio-cultural environment
Contribution to the conservation of cultural heritage, reconstruction of historico-cultural sites Conservation of cultural traditions
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Positive impact of tourism on economic and socio-cultural environment ( a case study on Mishkin, Yaroslav region)
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Negative impact of tourism on the natural and socio-cultural environment
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The flow of tourists and holiday-makers is focused on small areas of relatively high recreational potential
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in Maksimikha Village, where local population is 180 people, the number of tourists and holiday-makers at the peak of the season is around 3000 In the famous Arshan Health Resort, a one-time flow of tourists is more then 5 times than the local Buryat population
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Impact of tourism on the natural environment in areas of intensive tourism development
The impact of tourism on the natural environment in Russia’s eastern regions is aggravated by the low resistance of landscapes (especially tundra and mountain-taiga) to recreation and engineering-and-technical loads The period of recreational use is confined to 3 months (July through September) that account for 2/3 of all visits due to the local natural-climatic and anthropoecological conditions.
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Adverse impact of tourism on natural environment in areas of active tourist use ( a case study in the Baikal region)
Ecosystems, especially coastal, change as a result of vegetative cover trampling and degradation, compaction of the topsoil, destruction of wildlife habitats. There is noise pollution, stress of animals used to living in a tranquil environment, exodus of animals from noisy places. There is pollution of water and air by motorized vehicles pollution of fresh water-bodies due to waste-water discharges of tourist-recreational facilities.
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One of the key problems is growing litters in recreation territories by solid waste. According to some investigations (Budaeva 2007), the share of littering by solid waste was about 85% in one of the recreation sites in Verkhnaya Berezovka (the suburb of the city of Ulan-Ude), Respublika Buryatiya.
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Ecological problems of tourism development
There is no monitoring of territories used for recreation; recreation capacity of most areas, where active tourist development is under way, is not determined The municipalities lack finance required for handling the problem of waste water treatment, garbage and waste disposal Tourism is in need of a different, environmentally-safe infrastructure, using environmentally-sound sources of energy and building materials The state (governmental) control of the use of recreational resources is either very poor, or non-existent.
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Impact of tourism on socio-cultural environment in areas of active tourism development in eastern regions of Russia
Abandonment of traditional economic activities in favor of tourism. Local population, while contacting foreign tourists who represent largely high-income groups, realize they are not satisfied with their way of life and living standards. Local population being eased out from the areas of active tourism development and conversion of rural settlements into summer residences of town-dwellers. If the flow of foreign tourists increases, culture may become an object of commercial activity. Only those areas of culture will be developed that attract tourists and bring big profits to tourist business.
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Relations between the local population and tourists ( a case study in the Baikal region)
The second half of the 1990s was the stage of euphoria in Russia’s eastern regions (foreigners, were highly welcome, the local population hailed the growth of tourism). During the last few years, in some areas of active tourism development in Buryatiya relations between the local population and tourists have become more formalized, essentially based on commercial considerations, which is indicative of transition to a stage of apathy. Should the growth of tourism be even more active and if the number of visitors is several times the number of the local population, it will not take long for relations between the tourists and the local population to reach a stage of irritation and even antagonism. Knowing the main stages of the attitude of local population to tourist industry development enables us already at this stage to consider preventive measures and forestall the adverse impact of tourism on the socio-cultural environment of the territory.
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Priority should be given to alternative (not massive) forms of tourism
Independent travelers or self-made tourists are more willing to adapt to environment. The researcher-tourists, whose main goal is to encounter and understand people with a different culture and past, fully accept and adapt to a different socio-cultural environment. priority should be given to alternative (not mass) forms of tourism or recreation like ecotourism, rural, green and other tourisms.
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Measures must be taken to mitigate and prevent possibly negative impact of tourism and recreation on environment in regions of Russia Russia and its regions should formulate a science-based policy of environmentally-sound and socially-oriented tourism, and develop mechanisms of implementing such a policy. Provisions must be made for long-term participation of the local population to the maximum extent possible in decision-making regarding the types and scope of tourism that should be favored. The network of specially-protected nature reserves and areas with historical and cultural monuments must be set up, where nature-conservation activity could be combined with tourism. Tourism should make its contribution to the well-being of such territories. It is necessary to hold workshops and trainings for tourism organizers and civil servants, with the participation of scientists and international experts with a view to raising awareness of adverse consequences of tourism for natural and socio-cultural environment.
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