Содержание
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Psychology of Management
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Module 1.Subject and history of psychology of Management
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Topic 1. Psychology of Management as a Science
Managerial Psychology is one course or subdiscipline of Psychology or Management, focusing the understanding the psychological insight for the whole organization behavior from the management perspective.
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Managementis a process of affecting particular system in order to achieve certain goals. Any system can be an object of management SYSTEMis a groupof interconnected elements forming single whole and cooperating for achieving goals.
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Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively.
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Spheres of management Control of technical systems (things) Control of social systems (organization, society, nation) Social management Control of biological systems (organisms)
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What does social management mean? What are objectives of social management?
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Social management is an influence on society for the purpose to achieve life order and certain goals. Objectives of social management: The state Particular regions Commercial and non-profit organizations Unitsof organization Certain groups of people
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What does organization mean?
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ORGANIZATIONis a group of people whose activity is coordinated consciously for achieving certain goals. Requirements: two or more people consider themselves as a part of a group; all members of a group accept a goal or morepurposesas common; members of a group work together consciouslyto achieve an important goal for everyone.
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Any organization is an open system. To receive resources from external surrounding (input) To produce products To return products into external surrounding (output) Open systemdeals with external surrounding. There are 3 processes in any organization: All these processes are realized by people.
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People are the most valuable what any organization has
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Psychology of management is a branch of psychology. Behavior Communication Activity Individuality Mind and etc. Person and his psyche is a subject of psychology: Psychology of managementstudies psychological aspects of management.
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Subject of management psychologyis a psychology phenomena in management systems and in processes of human relationships and communications. Psychologyof management studies following: Psychological features of the heads and executors - their qualities and psychological characteristic of a commanding activity. Various favorable or negative factors influencing a mental condition of a person. Relationships between the head and executors, relationships between members of supervised collective.
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Main task of managerialpsychology is analyzing psychological conditions and characteristics of a commanding activity in order to improve efficiency and performance of a management system. Psychology of management Psychology Theory of management
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Objects of management include: Innovations Manufacturing Market Finance Information Supplies Personnel Control of these processes is connected with management of people behavior
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Majorproblem of managerial psychology is: How to motivate people to achieve goals of organization?
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Two main subsystems of management system Subsystem which manage The head Manager Emploer Director Executers Workers Emploees Staff Subsystem which are managed Subject of management Object of management
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Management structure subject of management is one who manages. object of management is one (thing) being managed. Subject of management Object of management Feedback links (object state information) Direct links (management impact) INCOME system resources OUTCOME system objectives Externalinfluence External influence
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1. Subject of management is a manager (head) who has administrative responsibilities and performs administrative activity. 2. Object of management is workers or groups of workers who are managed by the head. Subject of management influences object of management using certain management impacts. 3. Management impacts (or management methods) means system of actions used by subject of management to influence object of management. 4. System objectives are desired future state of management object. They are formulated by subject of management.
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Can management be successful? When?
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Management can be successful if: Subject of management sets objectives of activity and it has motivation and possibility to manage. Object can achieve these objectives and it has motivation and possibility to work.
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Management is a certain type of interaction existing between management subject and object. In this case: Subject of management performs specific activities aimed at achieving a goal of management towards object of management. Activity of managing subject includes: knowledge of capabilities of managed object exploring external conditions sustaining or preventing achievement of a goal by object of management making decisions by subject of management for achieving a goal of management Objects of management have built-in mechanism.
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change in object change in object behavior collection, transmission and processing of necessary information makingdecisions violate object behavior inside the object outside Impact Managerial impacts Disturbing impacts
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Feedback mechanism is ability moving information about state of management object to management subject as result of management impacts. Direct link means move of management impacts from subject to object of management.
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Systems of management Open-loopcontrol systems (no feedback) Closed-loopcontrol systems (with feedback )
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Management is influence of managing system (subject of management) on managed system (object of management) for the purpose to move managed system in required condition.
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Levels of management Level of management is a part of organization where independent decisions can be made without permission of higher or subordinate parts.
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Institutional level Levels of management Incorporating senior management(top-management): presidents and vice presidents of companies, ministers, rectors of educational institutions etc. Middle management: department managers, deans, divisional managers, etc. Junior management: headmen, foremen, etc. Managerial level Technical level
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Management functions Management functions are general for any field of activity and for any manager. Management functions are characterized by uniformity of objectives, actions or objects of their application. Management functions combination varies from different schools of sciences. Management functions are stable combination of specific actions performed by managers of different levels in process of their activity.
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Two groups of management functions: General management functions reflect content of main stages of management process at all hierarchical levels and for all management objects. Integrating (background) functions include three basic types of activity which form background for realizing management process (performance of general functions) and integrate different stages of management process.
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Management functions Background Setting objectives Planning Motivation Development and making decisions Setting communication Building organization structure Control Regulation MANAGEMENT SYSTEM General
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Topic 2. THE history of Psychology of Management building and main models of management
The beginning of management is considered the beginning and development of industrial manufacture
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SCHOOLS in management 1. Classical school of management School of scientific management Administrative school of management 2. School of human relations 3. Quantitative school of managementor school of management science Processing approach Systematic approach Situational approach
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Classical school of management Administrative management emphasis onorganization as a whole Main representatives: Henri Fayol (1841-1925) Max Weber (1864-1920) Frederick Tayloris the founder of the school of scientific management. His main contribution in management science is creation of management as a scientific approach. Scientific management emphasis onorganization of manufacture, managementwas considered as industrial Main representatives: Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) Henry L. Gantt Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
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Three main moments of scientific management school creation Rational organization of work: replacement of traditional methods of work with rules based on analysis of work appropriate organization of labor organization of training for employees Development of formal structure of enterprise Differentiation of executive and administrative functions
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The contribution of scientific management school to the theory of management
Use of the scientific analysis for defining the best ways of object performance; Purposeful selection of workers suitable to object performance and training of these workers; Supply of workers with resources; Use of material stimulation for increasing labor productivity ; Appropriate distribution of responsibility between workers and managers
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Administrative managementschool
Henri Fayol(1841-1925) the first who classified studying management according to its functions – forecasting, planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling Harrington Emerson (1853-1931) Researches of a staff principle in management Concept of productivity and efficiency Max Weber (1864-1920) Rational bureaucracy
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The purpose of administrative managementschoolis creation of universal principles of management leading to success
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The contribution of administrative management school to the theory of management Creation of universal principles of management; The description of management functions; The systematized approach to management of enterprise.
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School of human relations
Mary Parker Follett(1868-1933) proved necessity of scientific research of psychological aspects of management. She defined management as "the art of getting things done through people“. Elton Mayo(1880-1949) – the founder of school Hawthorne experiments (1927-1933) Proved value of social and psychological factors for increasing production efficiency
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manager worker care satisfaction Productivity and efficiency
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The purpose of human relation school is managing enterprise influencing system of social and psychological factors. Human relations school is an effort of management to consider each organization as a social system.
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The school of human relations focused onan employee and their efficiency increase.A basis of such increase is an opportunity to influence behavior of a person The school of behavioral sciences focused onadjustment of interpersonal relations
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The basic purpose of behavioral science school: Increase of activity of the organization efficiency by increasing efficiency of human resources; Creation of all necessary conditions for realization of each employee’s creative abilities for the purpose of awareness of own importance in management of organization. Researchers of this school showed a role of a person’s motives and needs for their labor activity. Motivesare a main parameter of the human attitude to work. Positive motivation is a main factor of successful work.
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Main representatives of behavioral science school Chester Barnard(1886-1961) - the founder of school problems of cooperation of human activity formal and informal structures of organization Abraham Maslow(1908-1970). The main work is «Motivation and the person» McGregor (1906-1964)
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The basic ideas of human relations school
Management is a social and psychological process rather than economic process; In a basis of management there is a person. Person is a unique individual with his(her) interests, needs and motives; The person is social essence submitting to laws of collective; The hard hierarchy of subordination and formalization of organizational processes is incompatible with human nature. Therefore it is necessary to create such methods of management which would control people’s behavior in groups and in organizations and which could use worker’s psychological and emotional features; Labor productivity is influenced by psychological and socialfactors rather than material factors; Managers should establish and develop loyal relations with informal working groups and their leaders.
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Contribution of human relations school to theory of management
Using methods of interpersonal relation management Studying informal relations Using knowledge about human behavior
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Quantitative school of management or school of management science contribution: Development and using models for making decision; Development and using quantitative methods at making decision in complex and crisis situations; Using methods of exact sciences in research of administrative activity. Purpose is increasing rationality of made decisions
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Modern approaches to management Systematic approach Situational approach Processing approach
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Processing approach
Management is considered as a process of continuous interconnected actions (functions); All kinds of activity are integrated into uniform chain.
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Systematic approach
Organization is considered as complex, open, social and technical system having input, output and feedback. In system input transforms to output All elements of system are interconnected
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Organization is a system: Complex Open Social and technical input process feedback output
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Situational approach
Focused on situation Situation is particular conditions influencing organization essentially during particular time. Making decisions from a particular situation
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Models of management
Models of management Theory X Theory Y Theory Z McGregor Ouchi McGregor
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Main representatives: Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) Henry L. Gantt Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Henri Fayol (1841-1925) Max Weber (1864-1920) Harrington Emerson (1853-1931) Mary Parker Follett (1868-1933) Elton Mayo (1880-1949) Chester Barnard (1886-1961) Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) McGregor (1906-1964) and Ouchi
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