Презентация на тему "The nervous system"

Презентация: The nervous system
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  • Презентация: The nervous system
    Слайд 1

    The Nervous System

  • Слайд 2

    Functions of the Nervous System

    Sensory input—gathering information To monitor changes occurring inside and outside the body Changes = stimuli Integration To process and interpret sensory input and decide if action is needed

  • Слайд 3

    Motor output A response to integrated stimuli The response activates muscles or glands

  • Слайд 4

    Figure 7.1

  • Слайд 5

    Structural Classification of the Nervous System

    Central nervous system (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord Spinal nerves Cranial nerves

  • Слайд 6

    Functional Classification of the Peripheral Nervous System

    Sensory (afferent) division Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system Motor (efferent) division Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system

  • Слайд 7

    Organization of the Nervous System

    Figure 7.2

  • Слайд 8

    Functional Classification ofthe Peripheral Nervous System

    Motor (efferent) division (continued) Two subdivisions Somatic nervous system = voluntary Autonomic nervous system = involuntary

  • Слайд 9

    Nervous Tissue: Support Cells

    Support cells in the CNS are grouped together as “neuroglia” Function: to support, insulate, and protect neurons

  • Слайд 10

    Astrocytes Abundant, star-shaped cells Brace neurons Form barrier between capillaries and neurons Control the chemical environment of the brain

  • Слайд 11

    Figure 7.3a

  • Слайд 12

    Microglia Spiderlike phagocytes Dispose of debris

  • Слайд 13

    Figure 7.3b

  • Слайд 14

    Ependymal cells Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord Circulate cerebrospinal fluid

  • Слайд 15

    Figure 7.3c

  • Слайд 16

    Oligodendrocytes Wrap around nerve fibers in the central nervous system Produce myelin sheaths

  • Слайд 17

    Figure 7.3d

  • Слайд 18

    Satellite cells Protect neuron cell bodies Schwann cells Form myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system

  • Слайд 19

    Figure 7.3e

  • Слайд 20

    Nervous Tissue: Neurons

    Neurons = nerve cells Cells specialized to transmit messages Major regions of neurons Cell body—nucleus and metabolic center of the cell Processes—fibers that extend from the cell body

  • Слайд 21

    Cell body Nissl substance Specialized rough endoplasmic reticulum Neurofibrils Intermediate cytoskeleton Maintains cell shape

  • Слайд 22

    Figure 7.4

  • Слайд 23

    Cell body Nucleus Large nucleolus Processes outside the cell body Dendrites—conduct impulses toward the cell body Axons—conduct impulses away from the cell body

  • Слайд 24

    Figure 7.4

  • Слайд 25

    Axons end in axonal terminals Axonal terminals contain vesicles with neurotransmitters Axonal terminals are separated from the next neuron by a gap Synaptic cleft—gap between adjacent neurons Synapse—junction between nerves

  • Слайд 26

    Myelin sheath—whitish, fatty material covering axons Schwann cells—produce myelin sheaths in jelly roll–like fashion Nodes of Ranvier—gaps in myelin sheath along the axon

  • Слайд 27

    Figure 7.5

  • Слайд 28

    Neuron Cell Body Location

    Most neuron cell bodies are found in the central nervous system Gray matter—cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers Nuclei—clusters of cell bodies within the white matter of the central nervous system Ganglia—collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system

  • Слайд 29

    Functional Classification of Neurons

    Sensory (afferent) neurons Carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS Cutaneous sense organs Proprioceptors—detect stretch or tension Motor (efferent) neurons Carry impulses from the central nervous system to viscera, muscles, or glands

  • Слайд 30

    Figure 7.7

  • Слайд 31

    Interneurons (association neurons) Found in neural pathways in the central nervous system Connect sensory and motor neurons

  • Слайд 32

    Neuron Classification

    Figure 7.6

  • Слайд 33

    Structural Classification of Neurons

    Figure 7.8a Multipolar neurons—many extensions from the cell body

  • Слайд 34

    Bipolar neurons—one axon and one dendrite Figure 7.8b

  • Слайд 35

    Unipolar neurons—have a short single process leaving the cell body Figure 7.8c

  • Слайд 36

    Functional Properties of Neurons

    Irritability Ability to respond to stimuli Conductivity Ability to transmit an impulse

  • Слайд 37

    Nerve Impulses

    Resting neuron The plasma membrane at rest is polarized Fewer positive ions are inside the cell than outside the cell Depolarization A stimulus depolarizes the neuron’s membrane A depolarized membrane allows sodium (Na+) to flow inside the membrane The exchange of ions initiates an action potential in the neuron

  • Слайд 38

    Figure 7.9a–b

  • Слайд 39

    Action potential If the action potential (nerve impulse) starts, it is propagated over the entire axon Impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath

  • Слайд 40

    Figure 7.9c–d

  • Слайд 41

    Repolarization Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane The sodium-potassium pump, using ATP, restores the original configuration

  • Слайд 42

    Figure 7.9e–f

  • Слайд 43

    Transmission of a Signal at Synapses

    Impulses are able to cross the synapse to another nerve Neurotransmitter is released from a nerve’s axon terminal The dendrite of the next neuron has receptors that are stimulated by the neurotransmitter An action potential is started in the dendrite

  • Слайд 44

    Figure 7.10 Axonterminal Vesicles Synapticcleft Actionpotentialarrives Synapse Axon oftransmittingneuron Receivingneuron Neurotrans-mitter is re-leased intosynaptic cleft Neurotrans-mitter bindsto receptoron receivingneuron’smembrane Vesiclefuses withplasmamembrane Synaptic cleft Neurotransmittermolecules Ion channels Receiving neuron Transmitting neuron Receptor Neurotransmitter Na+ Na+ Neurotransmitterbroken downand released Ion channel opens Ion channel closes

  • Слайд 45

    Figure 7.10, step 1 Axonterminal Vesicles Synapticcleft Actionpotentialarrives Synapse Axon oftransmittingneuron Receivingneuron

  • Слайд 46

    Figure 7.10, step 2 Axonterminal Vesicles Synapticcleft Actionpotentialarrives Synapse Axon oftransmittingneuron Receivingneuron Vesiclefuses withplasmamembrane Synaptic cleft Ion channels Receiving neuron Transmitting neuron

  • Слайд 47

    Figure 7.10, step 3 Axonterminal Vesicles Synapticcleft Actionpotentialarrives Synapse Axon oftransmittingneuron Receivingneuron Neurotrans-mitter is re-leased intosynaptic cleft Vesiclefuses withplasmamembrane Synaptic cleft Neurotransmittermolecules Ion channels Receiving neuron Transmitting neuron

  • Слайд 48

    Figure 7.10, step 4 Axonterminal Vesicles Synapticcleft Actionpotentialarrives Synapse Axon oftransmittingneuron Receivingneuron Neurotrans-mitter is re-leased intosynaptic cleft Neurotrans-mitter bindsto receptoron receivingneuron’smembrane Vesiclefuses withplasmamembrane Synaptic cleft Neurotransmittermolecules Ion channels Receiving neuron Transmitting neuron

  • Слайд 49

    Figure 7.10, step 5 Axonterminal Vesicles Synapticcleft Actionpotentialarrives Synapse Axon oftransmittingneuron Receivingneuron Neurotrans-mitter is re-leased intosynaptic cleft Neurotrans-mitter bindsto receptoron receivingneuron’smembrane Vesiclefuses withplasmamembrane Synaptic cleft Neurotransmittermolecules Ion channels Receiving neuron Transmitting neuron Receptor Neurotransmitter Na+ Ion channel opens

  • Слайд 50

    Figure 7.10, step 6 Axonterminal Vesicles Synapticcleft Actionpotentialarrives Synapse Axon oftransmittingneuron Receivingneuron Neurotrans-mitter is re-leased intosynaptic cleft Neurotrans-mitter bindsto receptoron receivingneuron’smembrane Vesiclefuses withplasmamembrane Synaptic cleft Neurotransmittermolecules Ion channels Receiving neuron Transmitting neuron Receptor Neurotransmitter Na+ Na+ Neurotransmitterbroken downand released Ion channel opens Ion channel closes

  • Слайд 51

    Figure 7.10, step 7 Axonterminal Vesicles Synapticcleft Actionpotentialarrives Synapse Axon oftransmittingneuron Receivingneuron Neurotrans-mitter is re-leased intosynaptic cleft Neurotrans-mitter bindsto receptoron receivingneuron’smembrane Vesiclefuses withplasmamembrane Synaptic cleft Neurotransmittermolecules Ion channels Receiving neuron Transmitting neuron Receptor Neurotransmitter Na+ Na+ Neurotransmitterbroken downand released Ion channel opens Ion channel closes

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