Презентация на тему "The noun"

Содержание

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  The noun

  Part 1

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  Classification

  Nouns may be classified according to their: morphological composition (simple/derivative/compound) meaning (proper/common) countability (count/mass )

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  NOUNS

  SimpleDerivative Compound 1. Simplenounsarenounswhichhaveneitherprefixesnorsuf­fixes. Theyareindecomposable:chair, table, room, map, fish, work. 2 Derivativenounsarenounswhichhavederivativeelements (prefixesorsuffixesorboth):reader, sailor, blackness, childhood, misconduct, inexperience. 3.Compoundnounsarenounsbuiltfromtwoormorestems: apple-tree, shipwreck.

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  Typical noun suffixes are:

  a) nouns indicating persons -ERas in driver, employer, examiner -OR, insteadof -er, asinactor, collector, editor; protector, sailor, visitor; -AR, as inbeggar, liar; -ANT, asinassistant, attendant, servant; -IST, asinchemist, scientist, typist; -EE, as in employee, examinee, referee(someone who is referred to), refugee (someone who is forced to take refuge); -ESS, as in heiress, hostess

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  Typical noun suffixes are:b) abstractnounsderivedfromverbs

  -age,egbreakage, drainage, leakage -al,egapproval, arrival, refusal -ance,egacceptance, appearance, performance -ery,egdelivery, discovery, recovery -ment,egagreement, arrangement, employment -SION,egcollision, decision, division -tion,egeducation, organisation, attention, solution -ure,egdeparture, failure, closure

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  Typical noun suffixes are:C ) abstractnounsderivedfromadjectives

  -ance,-ence,egimportance; absence, presence -TY, - ITYegability, activity, equality, cruelty -ness,egdarkness, happiness, kindness -TH,eglength, strength, truth

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  Typical noun suffixes are:d)abstractnounsderivedfromnouns

  -DOM, as in martyrdom, stardom; -HOOD, as in childhood, motherhood; -SHIP, as in friendship, sponsorship.

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  Compoundnouns

  Thoughbuiltfromtwoormorestems, compoundnounsoftenhaveonestress. Themeaningof a com­poundoftendiffersfromthemeaningsofitselements. Themaintypesofcompoundnouns: noun-stem + noun-stem:apple-tree, snowball; adjective-stem + noun-stem:blackbird, bluebell; verb-stem+noun-stem:pickpocket; (thestemofa verbalmaybethefirstcomponentof a compoundnoun: dining-room, reading-hall, dancing-girl.) substantivized phrases: merry-go-round, forget-me-not.

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  COUNT NOUNS/MASS NOUNS

  CN/MN

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  COUNT NOUNSinclude the class- names of

  a)persons, animals, plants, etc:friend, cat, bird, rose b)concreteobjectshavingshape:ball, car, hat, hand, house c)unitsofmeasurement, society, language, etc:metre, hour, dollar, family, word d)theindividualpartsof a mass:part, element, atom, piece, drop )a fewabstractions, thoughtofasseparatewholes:idea, nuisance, sake,scheme.

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  MASS NOUNSincludethenamesof:

  A)solidsubstancesandmaterials:earth, bread, rice, cotton, nylon B)liquids, gases, etc:water, oil, tea, air, oxygen, steam, smoke С)languages:English, French, German, Russian, Chinese, Spanish D)manyabstractions:equality, honesty, ignorance, peace, safety. E)most-ingformsusedasnouns:camping, cooking, clothing, parking, training. REMEMBER: blessing, helping, weddingare COUNT nouns

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  MASS NOUNS (Forbidden box)

  NO a/an NO –s/es inflections NO many/few/five/another/a number of/ several NO are/were

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  COMPARE and REMEMBER!!!

  Count nouns What a beautiful climate! Moneys – sums of money (in legal English) Mass nouns What wonderful weather! BUT Go out in all WEATHERS (fixed expression) How much money do you haveby? All his money is in real estate

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  We are MASSnouns!

  accommodation advice behavior cash china conduct damage ( = harm) fun furniture harm influenza information knowledge laughter leisure lightning luck luggage money mud music news permission poetry progress rubbish soap weather

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  MN with corresponding CN

  bread a loaf payment a pay clothing a garment permission a permit laughter a laughpoetry a poem luggage a suitcase work a job money a coin/a note REMEMBER!! A play is not an example of play, but a dramatic performance.Workis used as a count noun in a work of art, the works of Shakespeare, road works

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  The idea of ONENESS:

  One example of a mass can be indicated by referring to:

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  The idea of ONENESS

  a pieceof a certainshape, asin: a ballofstring a heapofearth a sheetofpaper/metal a barofchocolate/soap/gold a loafofbread a sliceofbread/meat a bladeofgrass a lumpofcoal a stickofchalk/dynamite a block of ice a rollofcloth a stripofclothorland One example of a mass can be indicated by referring to:

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  The idea of ONENESS:

  byreferencetoa container, asin: a bagofflour a bottleofmilk a basketoffruit a bucketofwater a sack of coal by referencetoa measure, asin: a gallon of oil a kilo of sugar One example of a mass can be indicated by referring to:

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  WE ARE BOTH (MN/CN)

  as a MASS NOUN the word refers to a substance, material or phenomenon in general as a COUNT NOUN the word refers to a separate unit composed of that substance one occurrence of that phenomenon a special object

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  AS MASS NOUNS All plants need light. Houses were built ofstone I will come withpleasure. Have pity! Have you no shame? This is the age ofscience A city without art is dead. Honour must be satisfied Most men want success AS COUNT NOUNS Do you have a light by your bed? Wait! I have a stone in my shoe! It will be a pleasure to see you. What a pity!What a shame! Physics is a science. Painting is an art. It is an honour for me to be here. Yourplaywas a greatsuccess. Georgewas a greatsuccessinit.

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  WE ARE BOTH(MN/CN)

  activity agreement bone brick business cake cloth decision dress duty exercise experience fire fish fruit glass hair history hope justice iron injustice kindness language law noise paper pain silence space sound thought time trade traffic virtue war worry

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  Compare:

  Mr Price has gone to London onbusiness Trade (ie exchange of goods) between our two countries is flourish­ing Traffic roars through the city all day long He runsa small business (ie a small shop) I think every boy should learn a trade, (ie a way of earning his living, especially by manual work) NN was convicted of conducting an illegal traffic in drugs

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  Names of substances

  as MNwhen they refer to a substance in general Betty Botter bought some butter as CN,singular and plural, when they refer to a kind of the substance a portion of it Thisisa verygoodbutter (ie a goodkindofbutter). You'veonlybroughtmeonebutter. I askedfortwo(butters), (iepacketsofbutter)

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  Abstract Nouns

  normally used as MN In most countries, education is the responsibility of the state I attach importance to regular exercise, It is said that knowledge is power a/an+ adjective = CN (when they refer to a kind) Scott received a very strict education but some people attach an exaggerated importance to it A good knowledge of English is essential